Contemporary Discourse on Citizenship: An Islamic Perspective
Keywords:
Ahl al-Dhimmah, Fiqh al-Muwātana, Dar al-Islam, Dar al-Harb, Tanzimāt, Arab Spring, Marrakesh Declaration
Abstract
The pre-modern political frameworks of Muslim institutions, rooted in classifications like Dār al-Islam (Abode of Islam) and Dār al-Harb (Abode of War), are no longer fully compatible with the modern nation-state system. Contemporary terms such as Dār alShahādah (Abode of Testimony), Dār al-Ahd (Abode of Truce), and Dār al-Amān (Abode of Peace) have emerged as additions to the classical framework to address evolving sociopolitical contexts. This study aims to analyze the contributions of modern Muslim scholars and reformist thinkers to the development and reinterpretation of these classifications and their relevance to contemporary citizenship (Muwātana). Through a historical and analytical approach, the paper traces the evolution of the concept of citizenship within Islamic political thought, examining its transition from the Caliphate era (632–661 C.E) to the Ottoman Empire (1299–1924 C.E) and beyond. Special emphasis is placed on the reinterpretation of these concepts in light of Darūrah (necessity). The study reveals that the modern reinterpretations of classical frameworks offer a more inclusive and cohesive understanding of citizenship, treating all individuals equally within the nation-state paradigm. These developments reflect the adaptability of Islamic legal and political thought in addressing contemporary challenges. By exploring the evolution of citizenship within Islamic political history, this research underscores the necessity of reimagining classical frameworks to align with current socio-political realities, fostering greater inclusivity and harmony within diverse nation-state systems.
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Matias, G. (2016). Citizenship as a Human Right: The Fundamental Right to a Specific Citizenship. Lisbon, Portugal: Palgrave Macmillan.
Malik, M. (2018). Fiqh al-Muwātanah ` (Fiqh of Citizenship): A New and Inclusive Islamic Approach for Multi-religious Societies, Penanag Institute Issues, 1-17. Retrieved from https://penanginstitute.org/publications/issues/1047-fiqh-al-muwatanah-fiqh-of-citizenship-a-new-and-inclusive-islamic-approach-for-multi-religious-societies/
Muhamadul B. Y., & Othman, K. (2016). A Textual Analysis for the Term ‘Wasatiyyah’ (Islamic Moderation) in Selected Quranic Verses and Prophetic Tradition. Journal of Education and Social Sciences, 5, 61-68. Retrieved from https://www.jesoc.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/JESOC5_29.pdf
Pocock, J.G.A. (1995). The Ideal of Citizenship Since Classical Times. In R. Beiner, (ed.), Theorising Citizenship, (pp. 29-52). Albany, USA: SUNY Press.
Ramadan, T. (2009). Radical Reform: Islamic Ethics and Liberation. New York, USA: Oxford University Press.
Ramadan, T. (2010). The Quest for Meaning: Developing a Philosophy of Pluralism. London, UK: Allen Lane.
Scott, J. B. (1930). Nationality: Jus Soli or Jus Sanguinis. The American Journal of International Law, 24(1), 58-64. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2189299
Suyuti, J. (1995). Tarīkh al-Khulafa (Trans.) Abdassamad C., London: UK: Ta-Ha Publishers.
Salam, N. A. (1997). The Emergence of Citizenship in Islamdom. Arab Law Quarterly, 12(2), 125-147. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/3381813
Saed, A. (1999). Rethinking Citizenship Rights of Non‐Muslims in an Islamic State: Rashid al‐Ghannūshi's Contribution to the Evolving Debate. Islam and Christian Muslim Relations, 10(3), 307-323. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09596419908721189
Senturk, R. (2002). Sociology of Rights: Human Rights in Islam between Communal and Universal Perspectives, Emory University Law School. Retrieved from http://recepsenturk.com/media/uploads/pdf/Sociology_of_Rights_I_Am_Therefore_I_Have_Rights._Human_righ ts_in_Islam_between_Universalistic_and_Communalistic_Perpectives.pdfr4dxd
Marshall, T.H. (1950). Citizenship and Social Class and Other Essays. Cambridge, USA: Cambridge University Press.
The Marrakesh Declaration (25th-27th Jan, 2016). Url: http://www.marrakeshdeclaration.org/
Warren, D.H., & Gilmore, C. (2014). One Nation Under God? Yusuf al- Qardawi’s Changing Fiqh of Citizenship in the Light of the Islamic Legal Tradition. Contemporary Islam, 8, 217-237. doi: 10.1007/s11562-013-0277-4
Al-Qaraḍawi, Y. (1985). Gaȳr Muslimīn Fil Mujtamiʻl Islamī (Trans.) Qaisar Shahzad. Islamabad, Pakistan: Idarah Taḥqiqāt Islami.
Al- Qaraḍawi, Y. (2010). Al-Watan wa al-Muwātana fi Ḍaw al-Asūl al-Aqdiyya wa al-Maqāsid al-Shariʻah. Cairo: Damascus: Dar al-Shuruq.
Akgūndūz, A. (2009). A Position on The Islamic Concept of Citizenship and Muslim Minorities. Islam and Civilisational Renewal, 1(1), 142-158. doi: https://doi.org/10.52282/icr.v1i1.17
Aristotle. (1992). The Politics (Trans.) T. A. Sinclair. United Kingdom: Penguin.
Anjum, O. (2021). The “Constitution” of Medina: Translation, Commentary, and Meaning Today. Yaqeen Institute for Islamic Research. Retrieved from https://yaqeeninstitute.org/read/paper/the-constitution-of-medinatranslation-commentary-and-meaning-today
Anjum, O. (2016). Dhimmi Citizens: Non-Muslims in the New Islamist Discourse. Reorient, 2(1), 31-50. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13169/reorient.2.1.0031
Abdul Ḥay, & Muhammad F. Ḥ. (2018). The Concept and Principles of Citizenship from an Islamic Perspective.
Egyptian Journals, 22(22), 105-148. Retrieved from https://jsh.journals.ekb.eg
Bowen, J. (2017). 1967 War: Six days that changed the Middle East. BBC News. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-39960461.amp
Calasso, G., & Lancioni, G. (2017). Dār al-Islām / Dār al-Harb: Territories, People, Identities. Boston: Brill.
Davis, U. (1995). Jinsiyya versus Muwatana: The Question of Citizenship and the State in the Middle East: The Cases of Israel, Jordan and Palestine. Arab Studies Quarterly, 17(½), 19-50. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/41858111
Isin, E. F., & Turner, B. S. (2002). Handbook of Citizenship Studies. Sage Publicaions: New Delhi, India.
Fadel, M. (2016). "Islamic Law and Constitution-Making: The Authoritarian temptation and the Arab Spring." Osgoode
Hall Law Journal, 53(2), 472-507 25. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/olsrps/147?utm_source=digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca%2Folsrps %2F147&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages
Gorman, R. F. (1992). Citizenship, Obligation, and Exile in the Greek and Roman Experience. Public Affairs Quarterly, 6(1), 5-22. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/40435793
Hamidullah, M. (1975). The First Written Constitution in the World. Lahore: Ashraf Printing Press.
Hourani, A. (1983). Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age: 1798-1939. UK: Cambridge University Press.
Hussain, I. (2011). The Tanzimat (1839-1876): Secular Reforms in the Ottoman Empire, Faith Matters. doi: http://faith-matters.org/images/stories/fm-publications/the-tanzimat-final-web.pdf
Hasan, S. D. U. (2015). From Dhimmitude to Democracy: Islamic Law, Non-Muslims and Equal Citizenship. UK: Quilliam, Religious Reform Series 3.
Inglehart, R. (2000). "Globalisation and Postmodern Values." The Washington Quarterly, 23(1), 215-228. doi: https://doi.org/10.1162/016366000560665
Inter-Parliamentary Union and United Nations High Commission for Refugees. (2005). Nationality and Statelessness: A Handbook for Parliamentarians. Switzerland: IPU & UNHCR.
Islamic Fiqh Academy India. (2015). Shahriyat aur Iske Masail. New Dehli: IFA Publications.
Kamali, M. H. (2009). Citizenship: An Islamic Perspective. Journal of Islamic Law and Culture. doi:10.1080/15288170903273060
Loon, J. E. V., & Anghelescu, H. G.B. (2010). Citizenship in the Humanities and Social Sciences: A Selective Bibliography, 2000-2009. Wayne State University School of Library and Information Science. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/slisfrp/1
Mawdūdī, S. A. A. (1960). The Islamic Law and Constitution. Lahore, Pakistan: Islamic Publications Ltd.
Mawdūdī, S. A. A. (1961). Rights of Non-Muslims in an Islamic State. Lahore, Pakistan: Islamic Publications.
Mawdūdī, Syed Abul Ala (No Year). Human Rights in Islam. Lahore: Islamic Publications.
Matias, G. (2016). Citizenship as a Human Right: The Fundamental Right to a Specific Citizenship. Lisbon, Portugal: Palgrave Macmillan.
Malik, M. (2018). Fiqh al-Muwātanah ` (Fiqh of Citizenship): A New and Inclusive Islamic Approach for Multi-religious Societies, Penanag Institute Issues, 1-17. Retrieved from https://penanginstitute.org/publications/issues/1047-fiqh-al-muwatanah-fiqh-of-citizenship-a-new-and-inclusive-islamic-approach-for-multi-religious-societies/
Muhamadul B. Y., & Othman, K. (2016). A Textual Analysis for the Term ‘Wasatiyyah’ (Islamic Moderation) in Selected Quranic Verses and Prophetic Tradition. Journal of Education and Social Sciences, 5, 61-68. Retrieved from https://www.jesoc.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/JESOC5_29.pdf
Pocock, J.G.A. (1995). The Ideal of Citizenship Since Classical Times. In R. Beiner, (ed.), Theorising Citizenship, (pp. 29-52). Albany, USA: SUNY Press.
Ramadan, T. (2009). Radical Reform: Islamic Ethics and Liberation. New York, USA: Oxford University Press.
Ramadan, T. (2010). The Quest for Meaning: Developing a Philosophy of Pluralism. London, UK: Allen Lane.
Scott, J. B. (1930). Nationality: Jus Soli or Jus Sanguinis. The American Journal of International Law, 24(1), 58-64. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2189299
Suyuti, J. (1995). Tarīkh al-Khulafa (Trans.) Abdassamad C., London: UK: Ta-Ha Publishers.
Salam, N. A. (1997). The Emergence of Citizenship in Islamdom. Arab Law Quarterly, 12(2), 125-147. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/3381813
Saed, A. (1999). Rethinking Citizenship Rights of Non‐Muslims in an Islamic State: Rashid al‐Ghannūshi's Contribution to the Evolving Debate. Islam and Christian Muslim Relations, 10(3), 307-323. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09596419908721189
Senturk, R. (2002). Sociology of Rights: Human Rights in Islam between Communal and Universal Perspectives, Emory University Law School. Retrieved from http://recepsenturk.com/media/uploads/pdf/Sociology_of_Rights_I_Am_Therefore_I_Have_Rights._Human_righ ts_in_Islam_between_Universalistic_and_Communalistic_Perpectives.pdfr4dxd
Marshall, T.H. (1950). Citizenship and Social Class and Other Essays. Cambridge, USA: Cambridge University Press.
The Marrakesh Declaration (25th-27th Jan, 2016). Url: http://www.marrakeshdeclaration.org/
Warren, D.H., & Gilmore, C. (2014). One Nation Under God? Yusuf al- Qardawi’s Changing Fiqh of Citizenship in the Light of the Islamic Legal Tradition. Contemporary Islam, 8, 217-237. doi: 10.1007/s11562-013-0277-4
Published
2023-11-19
How to Cite
Islam, N., & Dar, S. (2023). Contemporary Discourse on Citizenship: An Islamic Perspective. Jurnal Kajian Peradaban Islam, 6(2), 122-128. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.47076/jkpis.v6i2.212
Section
Islamic Politics, Law, and Governance
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